Geranium maculatum is known for which combination of actions and indications?

• A. Geranium maculatum — Astringent, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic; diarrhea, GI bleeding, hemorrhoids
• B. Hamamelis virginiana — Astringent, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic; hemorrhoids and skin conditions
• C. Ginkgo biloba — Circulatory stimulant, antioxidant, nootropic
• D. Grindelia robusta — Expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic

Answer: (A)

Geranium maculatum is recognized for its astringent, anti-inflammatory, and hemostatic actions, largely due to its tannin content. Astringents contract mucosal tissues and help form protective barriers, anti-inflammatory effects reduce irritation of the GI lining, and hemostatic action helps stop bleeding. Put together, these properties make it especially useful for GI tract issues where mucosal inflammation and bleeding are present: diarrhea with mucosal irritation, GI bleeding, and hemorrhoids. Other plants listed have different primary uses—for example, witch hazel is also an astringent with topical emphasis, while ginkgo biloba focuses on circulation and cognitive support, and grindelia is mainly respiratory with expectorant and anti-inflammatory effects.